Divisions of the Country
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England is divided into 40, Wales into 12 counties; and these counties have from early historical times been subdivided again into hundreds, tythings, townships, parishes, and other subordinate territorial units. This has not been done on any settled uniform plan. The English county boundary even now divides many parishes, each divided parish being, therefore, in two counties; and detached parts of parishes are dispersed in the midst of other parishes. The recent great division of the country into unions was made again with no regard to the hundred, and little regard to the county boundaries; the borough boundaries were also set at nought; convenience, in fact, in administering the new Poor Law was alone considered by the Commissioners. The Districts under the Registration Act are generally coterminous with the Poor Law Unions; the clerk to the Board of Guardians being usually the Superintendent Registrar; and the Registrars are appointed by the Boards of Guardians. It was by means of these officers that the Census was taken; and consequently the numbers in this first publication, derived from their summaries, are necessarily given in the same districts and sub-districts as the births, deaths, and marriages are registered. At the same time, the necessary details have been obtained to show the populations not only of the counties, but of the several boroughs, municipal and parliamentary. The population, subject to future revision, is also given of the Parliamentary Divisions, under their respective counties, alphabetically arranged. For the convenient exposition of the facts relating to population, and the determination of the relation of these facts to others in equally large masses, England was divided at the Census of 1851 into Ten great Divisions; Wales constituting one Division by itself. Those Divisions, maintained in 1861 and found for many statistical and some physical purposes convenient, are maintained now: they are constituted by groups of districts, wholly or chiefly, but not entirely, in the counties under which they are subordinately arranged. If the counties consisted of entire districts, the divisions would consist of entire counties, but that, as has been already observed, is not the case; so the population of the divisions will not be obtained by casting up the population of the under-mentioned counties. In noticing the distribution of the population over each of the eleven divisions, a few of the leading facts on which its character, existence, and development depends will be briefly described. The subjoined Tables show the increase and the density of the population in the Eleven Divisions:— Population and Increase in Eleven Registration Divisions, 1861-1871.
The increase is assumed to be in geometrical progression. DENSITY OF POPULATION, 1871
An English Division contains on an average 2,148,769 inhabitants, living in 351,343 houses, on 3,259,040 acres of land. It contains about 300,000 men of the ages 20-40, one tenth of whom would form a corps of 30,000 effective men. The area is 5,092 square miles, equal to a square of 71 miles to the side. It is of rather less size than Yorkshire, and somewhat less populous. Besides size and population in forming the Divisions out of districts or counties, contiguity and industrial connexion were considered. The North- Western Division contains the greatest number (3,382,590), the Eastern Division the least number (1,218,257) of people; thus no division contains less than a million, nor more than four millions of people; not more therefore than double nor less than half the population of the average division. The numerical ratios deduced from these large numbers are not liable to the extreme fluctuations deranging accidentally the results where small numbers are used. The largest, South-Western Division, has an area of 7,804 square miles; the North-Western, the most populous, is the smallest, except London, and has an area of 3,125 square miles. The area is less, but the population of these divisions is on a par with the population of such states as Denmark and the Netherlands; of Saxony and Wurtemburg in Germany; Piedmont and Tuscany in Italy. The eleven provinces of Prussia have the same average population, but they are more than twice as extensive as the English divisions, which correspond in size with the average area of the ancient provinces of France at the Revolution, cut up into 83 departments by the Constituent Assembly.1
In England the Kingdoms of the Heptarchy had given place to counties corresponding to the French Departments long before the Conquest, and are not recognised in the Doomsday survey, but the idea of territorial units greater than counties existed. The Roman provinces of Great Britain were larger than the kingdoms of the Heptarchy. Ireland is now conveniently divided into four provinces, which, with ten divisions of England, one Welsh, and two for Scotland, will constitute seventeen divisions of corresponding magnitude. The English divisions may, at some future time, receive, like those of Ireland, simpler and shorter names than we have ventured to employ. London deserves the first place, as it is the living centre of the Empire, where all its forces converge. It grows as the power of England grows; it is the emporium of capital; and its people are in communication by birth and blood, by trade and intelligence, with all the affiliated cities in these Islands. The railways have not only put the population of the kingdom in free communication with the Metropolis, but have enabled large numbers of men of all ranks to settle around its borders. The central parts are Converted into markets, exchanges, warehouses, stations, offices which are thronged during the day, but are deserted during the night by their occupants. A double force of displacement is at work; men are driven from Westminster and London by the high rents of the central houses, and are attracted outside by the charms of the surrounding country, with which the railways put them in easy communication. Thus it comes that the ancient venerable city of London, under the sceptre of the Lord Mayor, associated with the liberties,, the rights, the history, and the power of England, had "within and without the walls" on the Census night only 74,732 people; down to which number it had dwindled since 1861, when the numbers enumerated were 112,063. The decrease in ten years is 37,331, or nearly one out of three of the original number. Its streets empty and almost silent during the night, present a very different aspect during the day, and the Corporation of the city deemed it right in order to determine the numbers, to take a Day-Census in 1866, with the following results: they found that, in addition to the ordinary sleeping population., the mercantile men engaged in the city daily amounted to 170,133. The numbers have probably increased since that date, for the city was never before so full as it is now in the daytime. A similar movement occurs in Westminster and in some of the other central quarters of London. The boundaries of a city are easily fixed when the population is stationary; if it is a fortress, they are defined by the walls. But the cities of "England bound in with the triumphant sea" on which her invincible navy rides, have for centuries been without walls, and have freely extended along the roads and over the fields; London is their head and type. In the early ages the City covered rather more than a square mile of ground: and there it stood still in the middle ages, enthroned on its chartered privileges, jealously refusing to admit aliens to the privileges of its citizens; but the people of England, though spurned by the city, settled round their capital, which, unlike Rome, was ever viewed almost with indifference alike by senate and sovereign; who paid, indeed, no further regard to its sanitary deficiencies than to take warning when to fly away, from its weekly Bills of Mortality, which in 1604 were extended to St. Giles in the Fields, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, Whitechapel, the great St. Martin in the Fields, (from which neither St. James Westminster, nor St. George's Hanover Square, had then been divided,) and to Bermondsey: St. Margaret Westminster, was included in 1626; so in 1636 were Hackney, Islington, Stepney, Lambeth, Newington (St. Mary), Rotherhithe: the Bills after this were not extended, but still London grew; and Mr. Rickman when he compiled the Census of 1801 included Chelsea, Kensington, Marylebone, Paddington, Pancras, within its limits. The new Tables of Mortality, first published in 1840, took in Fulham, Hammersmith, westward; Stoke Newington, Bow, and Bromley (Middlesex), eastward; Camberwell in the south, and Greenwich district, stretching down the river to Deptford and Woolwich; Clapham, Battersea (exclusive of the detached Penge Hamlet), Wandsworth, Putney, Tooting, and Streatham were added in 1844; Hampstead fell in with the Lewisham District in 1846. Such is the London to which the Weekly Tables of Mortality relate. Its population on the same area was 958,863 in the year 1801, when the first English Census was taken; and 2,803,989 in the year 1861. The enumerated population of London on the night of April 2nd 1871 was 3,251,804. But this is now only a part of London; its population in intimate fusion and close relation, has overflowed these bounds, and within the radial lines of the Metropolitan Police District, drawn from 12 to 15 miles around Charing Cross, the population is 3,883,092. This embraces, indeed, several towns, and covers 687 square miles, equivalent to a square of territory of 26¼ miles to the side. Beyond these limits men reside who visit London daily; and this will partly account for the rapid increase of Tunbridge,. Hastings, Brighton, and other outlying places. The police circle round Charing Cross, however, contains all that can be reckoned as properly within the limits of London; and is indeed too extensive for a natural boundary. For many of the parishes within the police district are entirely rural, and are quite sequestered from the great city. To the eye, from Holwood in the south, near the source of the Ravensbourne, and by the ruins of an old Roman city, the dome of Saint Paul's and a thin cloud of smoke are almost the sole signs of the millions living along the valley of the Thames. The larks and the nightingales sing in the surrounding glades; while around all the railway stations houses are springing up; and at several points are large towns, of which Croydon is an example, chiefly bound to London by the daily intercourse of their populations. English institutions are flexible, but it is with difficulty they keep pace with and meet all the exigencies of the increasing population; this great fact has not hitherto been sufficiently taken into account in legislation; so boundaries are not adjusted, streets are not widened always to meet changes in the conditions of a city. London is perhaps an extreme, but it is at the same time a typical instance. Municipal organization, with its historical associations, and working on the whole so well all over the kingdom, is, as h is been seen, withheld from, three millions of the inhabitants of London. It is however replaced to some extent by the Metropolitan Board of Works. On the Census night the population within the municipal limits was 74,732; within the Tables of Mortality 3,251,804; within the parliamentary boundaries 3,008,101; within the limits of the Metropolis Local Management Act 3,264,530; within the London School Board District 3,265,005; within the Police circle 3,883,092. The population within the City has decreased; the population within the Tables of Mortality has gone on increasing, at a decreasing rate, because the building area is limited; but the actual population within the 12 to 15 miles radius has increased rapidly and steadily, or rather at a slightly increasing rate. The increase is now going on within that wider area at the accelerated rate of 1.88 per cent, per annum, and shows no sign of abatement. This is seen in the annexed Table. POPULATION of LONDON, 1851-61-71.
The population of the ring round the district of the Metropolitan Board of works has increased 4.19 per cent. per annum, or more than 50 per cent. in ten years, and there being no adequate provision for the sanitary purification of this area, which is shut out from the system of sewers lately created, it is in imminent danger. Looked at in any light, the magnitude and growth of London are marvellous; and the causes invite the careful scrutiny for which the subsequent analysis of the facts collected at the Census will serve as material. It had endured many struggles since its first obscure origin; it was not accepted without trial as the capital of the kingdom; at every increase it had to encounter some fierce epidemic; pestilences of various kinds invested it; the black death did not spare it, nor the sweating sickness; great plagues pursued it through the seventeenth century; great fires burnt down its combustible dwellings; Queen Elizabeth endeavoured to. stop its growth, so did the first Stuarts; it was long left imperfectly supplied with water, light, police, government; its air was soiled with smoke; its sewers at first were badly made and then cesspools were discharged into the river from which its waters were drawn, and thousands died of the last Asiatic plague; called it one of the graves of mankind and the state showed it no favour; yet here, unsurpassed by. any city in health, full of riches, and rich above all things in men, in the year 1871 she stands by her river, her railways, her public edifices, her grand embankment, her magnificent bridges the Queen City of the World. The natural place for the capital of a kingdom isolated is in its centre, as is seen in Madrid in Spain; but in a system of States such as exist in Europe and America, the capitals are drawn towards each other from the centres of their country towards a common centre. Thus the capital of England is naturally found near its south-eastern angle, over against the capital of France; where it enjoys such advantages as Camillus claimed for Rome, but in a higher degree: Non sine causa Dii hominesque hunc urbi condendoe locum elegerunt, saluberrimos colles, flumen opportunum quo et mediterraneis locis fruges devehantur, quo maritimi commeatus accipiantur: mare vicinum ad commoditates, nec expositum nimia propinquitate ad pericula classium externarum: regionum Italia medium, ad incrementum urbis natum unice locum.
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On a tidal river, and not many leagues, from the sea, England has placed her capital, in convenient proximity to other countries, open for all commerce and friendly intercourse, and well forward in front of the great mass of her forces, as if she knew no fear. And, indeed, among all the calamities that have befallen London, it has never since the Norman Conquest been for an hour in the possession of a foreign foe: her first line of defence lying in the south-eastern counties, to which we now pass, and in the sea itself, covered for centuries by their maritime population. The Registration Division of London is made up of parts of the under-mentioned three counties, the area and population of each part within the Metropolitan limits being as follows:— The natural increase of the population, represented by the excess of registered births over deaths, during the ten years 1861-70 was 331,599 in this division. The remaining parts of these three counties are included in the Second and Third Registration Divisions. Counties of Kent and Surrey (except parts in London], Sussex, Southampton, and Berks.
This great division lies south of London, between the Thames and the sea; and from Thanet extends westward beyond the Southampton Waters, and Winchester, the ancient capital of Wessex. It contains men of Kent, Kentishmen, South Saxons, and West Saxons: it touches the Metropolis, with which it is closely associated by contiguity, and by its watering-places extending along the coast from Worthing, Brighton, and Hastings, to Margate and Ramsgate; but besides these towns it has ancient central cities extending from Canterbury to Maidstone, Tunbridge, Reigate, Dorking, Guildford, and Basingstoke; and the many towns along the south bank of the Thames, Richmond, Kingston, Windsor, Maidenhead, Reading, and Abingdon. Over the South Downs, the North Downs, and the Weald of Kent, over the region of the great forest Anderida, so named, according to some authorities, because it was uninhabitable, two millions of people subsist, with cattle, sheep, horses, on a soil rich in fruits, grain, hops, pasture, and still to some extent with timber. The Medway is the main river; and there are, besides the tributaries of the Thames, the Stour, the Ouse, the Rother, the Itching, and at the extreme west the southern Avon. On the Medway, in Strood, Rochester, Chatham, and Gillingham, around a great naval arsenal, is a numerous population lying near the mouth of the Thames, and connected by Sheerness and the people of the Cinque Ports, where the Lord Warden holds his court— by Sandwich, Deal, Dover, Folkestone, and Hastings—with the great naval fortress of Portsmouth. The whole of this coast swarms with a seafaring population, which has ever been the first line of defence, and the sure arm of the great naval operations. The ground is important. Here Caesar disembarked, the Saxons landed, and William the Conqueror fought the decisive battle which gave him ultimately the possession of the capital, and the kingdom of which this province is now the shield. Iron was formerly manufactured in the forests, where wood and ore abounded; guns were made; ships were built; and the Flemings introduced their broad-cloth manufacture; so that here were the manufacturing districts of those ages; the "Grey-coats of Kent" were active in county politics, and the population, headed by such spirits as Wat Tyler and Jack Cade, attacked the Government in London. Later disaffection only survived in the smuggler. The counties are now essentially agricultural; but there are extensive manufactures of paper, powder-mills, the great dockyards of Chatham and Portsmouth where thousands of men are employed, and the camps of Shorncliffe and Aldershott; besides the ornamental population of the charming watering-places on the coast. The population of the counties at the two last censuses is given below, part of Surrey and Kent being, as it will be borne in mind, included in the Metropolis. The following cities and Boroughs are included in the counties:— The increase of Population in the division, exclusive of the parts of the counties in London, is 318,705. There are 341 persons to a square mile. The annual rate of increase in the 10 years 1861-1871 was 1.60 per cent. The registered births exceeded the deaths during the 10 years 1861-70 by 260,625. Counties of Middlesex (except part in London), Hertford, Buckingham, Oxford, Northampton, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Cambridge.
This region, north of London on the watershed of the Thames facing the south, stretches over the Cam to Nene, and from the river Lea to the western extremities if Oxfordshire. It was held by the Mid-Saxons and South Anglians. It consists now of eight fine agricultural and pastoral counties, with many parks, hills, valleys to the west and marsh land to the north-east. The population, after deducting the part of Middlesex in London, is 1,442,567, occupied chiefly in agriculture, but also largely in the manufacture at home of lace, strawplait, shoes, without the use of steam-power. Silk is also manufactured to some extent. It is the seat of the great national Universities on the Isis and the Cam. The density is 288 persons to a square mile. The population has increased by 147,052, or by 1.08 per cent annum. The increase is to a considerable extent due to the overflow of London in Middlesex and Hertfordshire. But there is an increase in all the counties except Huntingdon, and notably in the districts of Wycombe, Northampton, Wellingborough, Peterborough Oxford, Cambridge, Bedford Luton and Chesterton. The registered births in the division exceeded the deaths during the 10 years 1861-70 by 179,679. The following are the populations of the counties:— The following cities and boroughs are included in the counties:— Counties of Essex, Suffolk., and Norfolk.
This division extends from the east of London to the German Sea and the Wash, over three large counties, peopled of old by East Saxons, East Angles, and tribes of seafaring Northfolk. The Flemings brought their manufactures to Norfolk. Silk, paper, and some other manufactures are carried on, hut inland the division is essentially agricultural, and on the coast maritime; there is a hale fishing and maritime population round the shores, of which Ipswich and Yarmouth are the centres. The population of the fishing towns is more correctly given now than it was in 1861, when the fishermen and seamen out at sea on the Census night were classed with seamen and others in the home trade, whereas they have now been referred to the towns to which the boat or ship belongs. The population of the division is 1,218,257, and the increase in the 10 years is only 75,695, which is chiefly due to the overflow of London into Essex, and to the increase of population on the north side of the Thames. Ipswich, Mutford including Lowestoft, Yarmouth, and Norwich also increased. The increase of population was at the rate of 0.64 per cent, per annum. The mean density is 243 people to a square mile. The registered births exceeded the deaths during the 10 years 1861-70 by 145,061. The following cities and boroughs are included in the counties:— Resuming: the second, third, and fourth divisions touch London by their borders, supply it with immigrants in great numbers, and are blended with it, so as to constitute one continuous population of 8,078,845, subsisting on 10,558,701 acres of fertile land and profitable water, which have for centuries yielded in grain, hops, fruit, vegetables, dairy produce, game, fish, sheep, cattle, nearly all the subsistence the inhabitants required. Its Southdown sheep, Sussex cattle, Suffolk horses, are of the finest breeds. It is on a chalk formation, with green sand, gravel, clay, alluvial deposits, and timber, supplying thus the materials for brick and dwellings; its waters are abundant, and though hard, remained, until recent years, unpolluted. The marshes along the Thames and on the margin of the sea, with imperfect sanitary arrangements in the towns, keep up too high the rate of mortality; still the registered births within the last ten years exceeded the deaths by 916,964, while, after the balance has been struck between emigration and immigration, an increase is left in the population of 989,267. Counties of Wilts, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and Somerset.
This division lies far west of London, yet the maritime population forms a continuous line with that encompassing the other seaside divisions. The men of boats and ships may be traced from Kings Lynn, Yarmouth, Harwich, the Thames and Medway, from Sheppey, Thanet, Deal and Dover, Folkestone, Hastings, Beachy Head, through the Solent to Poole, Weymouth, Plymouth with Devonport, and Falmouth, and hence, turning round the Scilly Isles, they follow the coast by the Bristol Channel to the Avon. On the plains of Wilts to the north and in Dorset is the chalk, and to the south the clay formation; then the oolitic and lias formations are crossed and you enter the fine country on the new red sandstone formation leading down to Exeter,—the capital of this south-west province; finally the old red sandstone,—named from Devon, Devonian,—and Exmoor and Dartmoor, and granite rocks with interfiltrated veins of tin and copper ores terminate at Land's End in the face of the Atlantic Ocean. With her marshes and many intermingled formations, Somerset over the Mendip hills approaches Bristol on coal fields, connecting its population with Wales and the next division. The Exe and the Tamar are the principal rivers, and their streams descend from the northern ridge of the high moors of this richly watered Division. The many inlets around the coast afford harbourage to fishing boats and ships, so that the counties preserve the maritime character they held when Drake met the Armada, while they also abound richly in agricultural products. But copper and tin mining have been the special pursuits of many districts of Devon and Cornwall. The population is well-marked, and is found to differ, as the West Saxons are left through the regions which the tribes of Wilsetan, Sumersetan, Defenesetan
occupied round Stonehenge and Glastonbury, until the Cornish men recall their connexion with Wales, from which they are only separated by a channel of the sea, and with some southern population which visited the Cassiterides from Spain, Asia, or Africa, through the Mediterranean. The beautiful Devon breed of cattle is well known, so are the sheep and the ponies; and there are other indications of variation in the influences which shape organic life. Besides the lace-making about Honiton, and the coal-mining element that crops up in the north, there is an important manufacturing region round Bradford in Wilts, where the famous West of England broad-cloth is still made. Torquay on Torbay where William III. landed, Dawlish, Teignmouth, and other delightful spots on the south coast, are places of resort; so are Ilfracombe and other places of North Devon. The historic fame of Bath is still upheld by that elegant city and its waters. This division is the most extensive of the ten, and its area is nearly five million acres (4,994,280). The five counties contained 1,879,898 people; so there is a slight increase of 44,035 since the Census of 1861. The other counties show some increase, but in Cornwall there is an absolute decrease of 7,292 inhabitants; this is due to the emigration of miners to other parts of England, or over the Atlantic to the copper mines abroad, where their services are well paid; while the increased production of that metal supplies abundant and cheaper materials to our manufacturers. There is consequently a great excess of females in both Cornwall and Devon, as compared with Dorset, where the population is more stationary. The division is rather the least dense of the ten; but it is nearly the same in density as the Eastern. There are 241 persons to a square mile. The increase of population has been only at the annual rate of 0.24 per cent. The registered births during the ten years 1861-70 exceeded the deaths by 218,844. The following cities and boroughs are included in the counties:— Counties of Gloucester, Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, and Warwick.
Bristol, one of the great old commercial cities of England in this division, is on the north side of the Avon, emptying its water into the channel to which the city gives its name. And Staffordshire is round the head streams of the Trent; but five of the counties are the Valleys of the Wye and of the Severn descending from the mountains of Wales. The division includes 3,942,161 acres of land, generally fertile and well watered; it can boast of two breeds of sheep—Cotswolds and Shropshire Downs; while in Hereford it can boast of its cattle. This division is distinguished from all those preceding it by its coal-fields iron-stone, and iron-works; and by the manufactures founded in the Potteries by the industry of the people and the genius of Wedgewood; and the still greater multifarious metal industry of Birmingham, the great central city of England, in the centre of other cities and agglomerated populations. Here Watt found scope, and in Bolton help, for the development of his great inventions. In the Black Country besides smoke and iron, every kind of useful tool is manufactured. Shrewsbury, Worcester and Gloucester are on the Severn, which divides their shires, evidently constituted after bridges had spanned that river. Clifton, Malvern, and Cheltenham are pleasant and popular sanitary resorts. The waters of the Severn and the Wye are softer than the waters of the Thames, as they descend from the mountains of Wales; and from the Longmynd, the Caradoc, and the hill fastnesses where Caractacus withstood to the last the Roman power. Here were the valiant Silures; and here is the centre of Sir Roderick Murchison's Silurian kingdom. The military spirit was kept up in Mercia of which this was a part, by warfare with the Welsh, and with the other Saxon kingdoms of the Heptarchy. Offa's dyke and the numerous castles mark the strife from which these midland people were not exempt by distance from the sea. The population of this great division was 2,720,003, and its increase in the last ten years was 271,957. The annual increase was at the rate of r 06 per cent.; but the natural increase by excess of births over deaths, although the mortality was often high, was 369,676 in. this prolific race; so that besides providing arms for its own industry it sent out flights of emigrants. The density of the population is 442 to a square mile. Upon referring to the counties it will be seen that the increase is least in Hereford, greatest in Stafford. Of the cities and towns, Bristol has increased largely, and so have all the Pottery districts. To get the full increase of overflowing Birmingham, the two districts of Kings Norton and Aston must be taken into account; the population of the three districts amounts to 444,545. The following cities and borough are included in the counties:— Counties of Leicester, Rutland, Lincoln, Nottingham, and Derby.
This division is much less populous than the sixth; it covers 3,543,397 acres; and while Lincoln is the largest except York, Rutland is the least county in England. Its soil is generally fertile; but it varies infinitely, and so does the scenery, from the fens, moors, and wolds of Lincoln to the hunting fields of Melton Mowbray in Leicester and the High Peak of Derbyshire; from the aguish marsh-land to the delightful Matlock. The fair Trent winds its way through the whole region down to the Humber. The Leicester breeds of sheep and cattle are well characterized; and so are the heavy Lincoln horses. The population is largely impregnated with the blood of the Danes, who occupied the Five Towns and the coast line. The railroads have opened the coal-fields of these counties to the south; and they now compete with Newcastle in London. Great Grimsby, at the mouth of the Humber, has recently made enormous strides in population. Nottingham district and the surrounding districts have increased rapidly, and so have Derby and Chesterfield. Lincoln shows an increase; of Leicester the increase can scarcely be matched. The population of the seventh division is 1,406,823; the increase in ten years, 117,443. This is less than the natural registered increase of 183,034 births in excess of deaths. The density of population is low, it is expressed by 254 persons to a square mile. The annual rate of increase was 0.88 per cent. The following cities and boroughs are included in the counties:— Counties of Chester and Lancaster.
This is the smallest of the divisions in extent and the most populous on 2,000,227 acres the Census Enumerators found 3,382,590 people. The increase of 447,050 in 10 years is almost exactly the same as the increase of London. And Manchester and Liverpool axe together indeed a Northern capital, not only in respect of their vast mercantile and manufacturing interests, but of their social, political, and scientific activity The two counties are separated by the Mersey, which through the Weaver collects the waters of Cheshire, although Chester lies on the Dee. Besides the flat plains, so favourable for the conveyance of goods by road, canal, and railway, Lancashire beyond Morecambe Bay ascends to the hills overhanging Windermere and to the Duddon Mouth. The Ulverston district, including Barrow, is the seat of mineral enterprise, where the population has increased in 10 years by 19,294. Lancashire is the seat of a great variety of works ; but the coal within easy access, the facilities of getting cotton by sea through Liverpool, and the wonderful enterprise of the people, constitute it the great seat of the cotton industry of the country. The tide of prosperity of this great division is now flowing again; but it was interrupted for a time during the ten years by the American War, otherwise the population would certainly have been greater than it is to-day. This is indicated by the fact that the usual reserved cotton imports of 1858-60 into the United Kingdom, amounting to 1,000 million pounds, fell to 309 and 428 million pounds in the two years 1862-3, but again rose in 1868-9-70 to nearly the old standard.4
The interval, not of pause, but of retarded progression, will be turned to good account if the dwellings are constructed on improvement plans, and the towns are rendered clean, sweet, and so healthy as to ensure the development of the Lancashire breed in physical and intellectual qualities as evident as the improvements in the products of their industry. The rainfall of these counties is large ; water abounds and the supply of Manchester is drawn from the hills. The rivers are polluted by the refuse of manufactures, and to some extent by sewage, although the impurities, as a general rule, are retained about the houses, and are not discharged into the sewers. Cheshire is rich in salt and cheese, two of the primary necessaries of life; its salt mines were worked with unabated prosperity, but its dairies suffered as much from the cattle plague as the factories of Lancashire suffered from the cotton famine. The large towns show generally little growth, except Chester, which is increasing, and Birkenhead, which already contains 65,980, and is probably only awaiting the tunnel under the Mersey to grow still more rapidly. Crewe, Northwich, Runcorn, and Altrincham have increased rapidly. Manchester city contains 355,665 inhabitants; but Manchester and Salford are as much one city as London and Southwark; and parts of Chorlton belong to the same great community; so that a better conception of Manchester as it is generally understood will be obtained by putting these three districts together, which contain 592,164 people. So Liverpool has 493,346 inhabitants ; but adding together the population of the Liverpool district and its contiguous district West Derby, the aggregate population is 581,203, which becomes 660,510 by the annexation of Birkenhead. Nearly all the numerous Lancashire towns increased their numbers; only in Ashton-under-Lyne is there a falling off. The population of every sub-district of Liverpool district decreased, as great numbers were living in 186l in cellars and rooms utterly unfit for human habitation; so there have been clearings, and, as in London, the centre of the town has been to some extent deserted by the merchants, who have carried their household gods to the surrounding region. Thus, while the Liverpool district decreased by 31,389, the West Derby district increased by 117,005; the Liverpool people often live in districts at a considerable distance from the Exchange. The borough of Liverpool increased by 49,408; the borough of Manchester by 16,943. Each of four of the sub-districts of the Manchester district exhibits a considerable decrease of population. In all our large towns this transfer of people from the centre to the circumference is going on. The town of Barrow-in-Furness is a remarkable instance of rapid progress; in 1861 it formed part of the parish of Dalton-in-Furness, and had no separate mention in the Census Returns; it is now a municipal borough, and has a population of 17,992. This eighth division is the densest of all the divisions except London; there are 1,082 persons to a square mile. It increased at the annual rate of 1.43 per cent., and its registered births during the 10 years 1861-70 exceeded the deaths by 353,014. The following cities and boroughs are in the counties:— This great county is a division in itself; its area is 3,654,636 acres, or 5,710 square miles; its shores run north-westwards from the Humber to the Tees; and its Ridings stretch nearly all across the country to the Irish Sea, from which it is divided by the English Pennine chain of mountains and by Lancashire. As Lancashire looks to the south-west towards the sun as he sets, Yorkshire slopes towards the south-east to receive his morning rays; Lancashire is bathed with the west winds and their copious rains, Yorkshire faces the east winds, and, except on its high moors, is satisfied with less copious showers; Lancashire has before it the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, Yorkshire the North Sea and the Baltic; Lancashire confronts the American Republic, Yorkshire the German Empire. Yorkshire is in some respects a northern compendium of England. It has the marshes, the alluvial soil, and the chalk cliffs of the south; the oolitic formation of the midland counties; the new red sandstone formation, the limestone, and the rich coal measures; it has mountains, crags, moors, wolds, and fair vales adorned by many an abbey; there are Craven, Cleveland, Wharfedale, Wensleydale, and Tees dale; its waterfalls are among the finest known; the rivers, with the Ouse as their chief, fed by many sister streams, water the whole land, supply the canals, and are discharged into the estuary of the tidal Humber, on which Hull and Great Grimsby are harbours. Yorkshire occupies the whole basin of the Humber and of its affluent streams except the Trent. Railways connect all its great centres of population. The country of the Brigantes was specially affected by the Romans; Agricola, it is said, founded York, which became the Altera Roma
of his countrymen, which was famous once for its shipping and commerce, now descended to points nearer the coast it was the Deira—the Deerland—of the Saxons; here the northmen fought William I. and were conquered; the county was devastated, but soon recovered its station in English history. The Battle of the Standard, the battle where the Houses of York and Lancaster on a Palm Sunday fought out their great strife, and left on the fields of Towton thousands of slain—and Marston Moor in the last English civil war, finally attest the importance of this great battle-field of the kingdom; on the Derwent, too, before, Harold bad expended part of his forces in resisting the onslaught of the fleet of northmen on the east side of the kingdom, while the more formidable foe aimed on the south side the main blow at the heart of his dominions. This county is now settled down in peaceful industry; its arable lands and rich pastures are turned to good account; its breeds of horses are famous, and are as well characterized as its strains of men drawn from northern sources. The great Yorkshire coalfield is vindicating its importance; the ironstone is smelted, and iron and steel of the best quality are wrought, through many processes, into tools, knives, and machines of every kind. The woollen, worsted, and linen manufactures have here nourished from, time immemorial; the Flemings, when they were persecuted, found a hospitable reception, and have left traces of their blood in Yorkshire. The following cities and boroughs are included in the county:— The population of Middlesborough has increased with extraordinary rapidity, chiefly since 1851. The parish, including the township of Linthorpe, had a population of only 383 in 1831; its progress then became noticeable, and at the Census of 1841 it numbered 5,709 inhabitants; in 1851 there was a population of 7,893, which increased to 19,416 in 1861, and to 39,434 in 1871. It is now a Parliamentary as well as a Municipal Borough. Relatively, the increase in Yorkshire is much greater than it was in the previous ten years 1851-61; and greater than the increase of Lancashire in the last ten years. The reason is easily explained; the American War, which was Lancashire's difficulty, was Yorkshire's opportunity, of which her sagacious heads not slowly availed themselves. The rise in the cost of cotton raised the demand for woollen stuffs, and wool was attracted in large quantities, as the Board of Trade returns show; independently of this circumstance, the supply and demand of wool, short and long, invaluable as the staple of clothing in these climates, and produced in immense quantities by our colonists, increased. The Board of Trade returns show that in the three years 1858-60, and the three years 1868-70, the average annual import of wool (sheep, lamb, and alpaca) rose from 136 million to 258 million pounds. Adding wool of home growth and deducting wool exported, no less than 288,512,000 lbs. were left, according to the estimate of Mr. A. Hamilton,5
for home consumption in 1869. The increase of production has been greater than the increase of workers, for the obvious reasons that coal power is so largely converted into work by the steam engine and improved machinery. The excess of births over deaths in the districts of the division, which are not always coincident with the county boundaries, was 286,358, while the increase of enumerated population in the same districts was 379,758. The increase is at the rate of 1.74 per cent, annually; 18.84 per cent, in the ten years. The population is distributed very unequally; it is thin on the moors and wolds, dense on and near the coalfields. There are on an average 419 persons to a square mile; 1.53 acres to a person. The increase of population is the greatest in the West Riding, least in the East Riding. Since the last Census the population of Huddersfield has been doubled, of Halifax nearly doubled; Bradford has increased largely; Leeds, the centre of the principal manufactures, has also increased, but not so fast as the Dewsbury district. Sheffield, the great city of steel and cutlery, has an ample increase; so has Hull, the great eastern port. Scarborough, the delightful watering-place of the north, is increasing every year in attraction and population. Guisbrough district, in the North Riding, south of the Tees, is increasing rapidly in population; so also are parts of the Whitby and Pickering districts. Counties of Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland.
This division extends from sea to sea, and commencing in the coalfields which have for centuries supplied English hearths with fire, is crowned by primitive mountains, pastures, and inland lakes of surpassing beauty; it is the border land on which the martial spirits of Scotland and England debated sword in hand, and fought out their feuds until the nations of one blood were united. Otterburn, Hmnbleton, Pepperdean, and Flodden, as well as the Roman Wall, remain as memorials of the strife of ages, between people now happily at one, but still separated conveniently for some administrative purposes, and among others for the Census, which is, north of the border, taken by Mr. Dundas the Registrar General of Scotland, and Dr. Stark. This north country, far from the south, in the Northumbrian kingdom asserted its individuality, which is upheld now by the people in physical character, and in some respects in dialect. The gray coats may have gone, but lairds and statesmen remain. In education the division is in advance of all the rest. Cumberland has given birth to at least one great poet, and the lakes have attracted others. Keswick and Rydal are classic ground. Skiddaw, Helvellyn, Derwentwater, and Ullswater, all the fells, pikes, tarns, and streams around them down to Windennere, which Lancashire claims, attract thousands of travellers to their mild and changeful beauty, where sunshine and showers contend. Rain falls in such quantities that proposals have been made to carry this most precious fluid thence to the Metropolis. It is not on these regions that the increase of population depends, and still less on the moor-lands, or even on the advanced agriculture; nor so much on the Cumbrian plains, along the Eden, over the vale, on the red sandstone formation; nor on the pastures of the Tees, where the short-horn breed of cattle drew one of their first names from Durham; nor on the Cheviots, where the well-known breed of sheep abound; but on the great coalfields round Newcastle and Durham eastward, the smaller field round Whitehaven and Workington, westward, in conjunction with the iron smelting, the manufacture of machinery and of chemicals, the shipbuilding and the energy and genius of the men. The area of the division is 3,492,322 acres; the population is 1,414,066; and through the interference of the extensive moors and mountains, the density of the population, assumed to be equally distributed over the whole face of the country, is expressed by only 259 persons to a square mile. The increase of population in the ten years is 262,694. This increase, in proportion to the original population, exceeds the increase of Yorkshire, and therefore of all the eleven divisions; it is at the rate of 2 per cent, per annum; in the ten years, this population in the aggregate, increased 23 per cent. The registered births during the 10 years 1861-70 exceeded the deaths by 199,291. The subjoined Table will show how the several counties increased. Some of the old towns show little increase; this is the case with Durham, Morpeth, Berwick, and Cockermouth; Whitehaven decreased in population. Fair Carlisle, famous in many ways, and not least for its early statistics, increased to some extent, and so did Kendal but of Stockton the population was doubled. The population of the towns of Sunderland South Shields, Gateshead, Newcastle, and Tynemouth increased largely; but the increase, not being confined to municipal limits, is best shown by referring to the districts: Thus in Durham the increase of the four districts of Darlington, Stockton, Hartlepool, and Auckland was 86,751; the population of the Durham district increased by 21,733, and its population grew to 92,007; the population of the five districts—of Sunderland on the Wear, of South Shields, Gateshead Newcastle, and Tynemouth on the Tyne—increased by 109,623, and amounted to nearly half a million. On no river, perhaps, in the world is industry evolving useful products at a more rapid and increasing rate. The following cities are included in the counties:— Now, having gone over the country rapidly, from London and the Scilly Isles to Berwick and the Solway, we may turn from the mountains of the north of England to the mountains of Wales, where similar geological conditions exist. Cambria has a nationality of its own as distinct as either Scotland or Ireland. It is a principality; and the fact deserves recognition in the Census. In this spirit the Welsh division has been formed. It takes in the whole country from Holyhead and Saint Davids to the Wye and the Dee; so it includes Monmouthshire, essentially Cambrian, which was detached from Wales by Henry VIII., when the Lords of the Marches were abolished, and the rest of Wales was divided into twelve counties, six in North Wales, and six in South Wales. The territory is 5,139,159 acres, and it exceeds in area any English division. The population is 1,426,584; the increase in the last ten years has been 125,680. The natural increase, as shown by excess of births over deaths, is 177,632; so that the influx of immigrant workpeople into the mining districts does not equal the efflux of emigrant Cambrians. The increase of population in the 10 years is rather less than 10 per cent.; the annual rate of increase is 0.93 per cent. The bulk of the population is concentrated in a few counties,—Glamorgan, Carmarthen, Carnarvon, Pembroke, and Denbigh, besides Monmouth; in the other counties the population is scanty; so that the density of the Welsh division is only 178 persons to a square mile. There are 3.60 acres to a person. The area of Wales, strictly within its borders, is 4,734,486; the population 1,216,420. The population of the Division depends much of course, on its pastoral and agricultural industry. Its goats and well-known ponies go for little; but its small black cattle are largely grown, and the wool of the sheep supplies materials for the excellent flannels of the country. Welsh mutton is a well-known product. The grain produce in Glamorganshire and some other counties rewards the diligence of the farmer; but the agriculture of the principality is not yet so conspicuous as it might be for excellence. The primitive mountains have at times yielded to adventurers treasures of lead and of some of the more precious metals. The slate quarries especially of Cardiganshire yielding a most useful product always employ many hands, which are not likely to decrease The copper smelting industry in which the Welsh excel has employed great numbers at Swansea but it is now exposed to keen competition. Tinned iron is an important product of Wales. Flint and Denbigh in the north are more populous than they were, and are apparently successful in the branches of industry they are cultivating. But the rich coalfields, yielding coal of various qualities suitable to many purposes, the juxtaposition of ironstone with coal, the iron works of Merthyr Tydfil with the convenient docks of Cardiff, have given a new phase to South Wales. The population of Glamorganshire in 1871 was 396,010; the increase in 10 years was 78,258. The districts of Cardiff, Pontvpridd, Merthyr Tydfil, and Swansea show the greatest increase. The population of the Merthyr district was 104,110; Llanelly in Carmarthenshire increased, and the district contains 34,738 people; its steam-coal, iron, docks, and railway offer great facilities to profitable enterprise. The Carmarthen sub-district is decreasing, so is Narberth; Pembrokeshire, with its fine harbour of Milford Haven, declined in population, so did Anglesey. Wrexham district increased, and has now a large population. The watering-places of Wales along the coast of Denbigh and Flint attract large numbers of people, so do Aberystwith and Tenby; Conway, Chepstow, and Tintern Abbey, and the valley of the Wye, Brecon, the waterfalls, the rivers, the mountain scenery crowned by Snowdon, all allure not only summer travellers but permanent inhabitants to this land, which 'is still redolent with beauty, and traditions of poetry, and music on the harp. In this day the land of Cadwallon, Howel, Llewellyn, and Taliessin has neither curses nor tears for England, and while she cherishes her ancient tongue will, it may be hoped, no longer forego the use of the first language of the civilized world. At the next Census in 1881 it may not be necessary, as it was in 1871, to print Welsh schedules for the use of a certain number of the Welsh people. The following cities and boroughs are included in the counties:— 1
On s'étonne de la facilité surprenante avec laquelle I'Assemblée a pu détruire d'un seul coup toutes les anciennes provinces de la France dont plusieurs étaient plus anciennes que la Monarchie et diviser méthodiguement le royaume en quatre-vingt-trois parties distinctes, comme s'il s'était agi du sol vierge du nouveau monde.—L'Ancien Régime et la Récolution," par A. de Tocqueville,
p. 135. He quotes the well-known passages in Burke's Reflections. 2
Livy, lib, v., s, 54. 3
Census not taken in term time. The members of Universities, including Undergraduates, were enumerated by favour of the Vice-Chancellors, and results will be published hereafter. 4
This is not the total imports, but the excess of imports over exports. 5
Journal of Statistical Society, December 1870.
I. DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTRY.
II. THE ELEVEN REGISTRATION DIVISIONS.
—
Area
in
Acres.Enumerated
Population
April 8,
1861.Enumerated
Population
April 3,
1871.Increase
1861-71.Decennial
Increase
per cent
1861-71.Annual
Increase
per cent
1861-71. ENGLAND AND WALES
37,324,883
20,066,224
22,704,108
2,637,884
13.15
1.24
Division I.
London
77,997
2,803,989
3,251,804
447,815
15.97
1.49
Division II.
South-Eastern
4,065,315
1,847,512
2,166,217
318,705
17.25
0.60
Division III.
South Midland
3,201,290
1,295,515
1,442,567
147,052
11.35
1.08
Division IV.
Eastern
3,214,099
1,142,562
1,218,257
75,695
6.63
0.64
Division V.
South-Western
4,994,280
1,835,863
1,879,898
44,035
2.40
0.24
Division VI.
West Midland
3,942,161
2,448,046
2,720,003
271,957
11.11
1.06
Division VII.
North Midland
3,543,397
1,289,380
1,406,823
117,443
9.11
0.88
Division VIII.
North-Western
2,000,227
2,935,540
3,382,590
447,050
15.23
1.43
Division IX.
York
3,654,636
2,015,541
2,395,299
379,758
18.84
1.74
Division X.
Northern
3,492,322
1,151,372
1,414,066
262,694
22.82
2.08
Division XI.
Welsh
5,139,159
1,300,904
1,426,584
125,680
9.66
0.93
—
Acres
to a
Person.Persons
to an
Acre.Persons
to a
Square Mile.Persons
to a
square
Kilometre.Hectares
to a
Person. ENGLAND AND WALES
1.64
0.61
389
150
0.67
Division I.
London
0.02
41.69
26682
10303
0.01
Division II.
South-Eastern
1.88
0.53
341
132
0.76
Division III.
South Midland
2.22
0.45
288
111
0.90
Division IV.
Eastern
2.64
0.38
243
94
1.07
Division V.
South-Western
2.66
0.38
241
93
1.08
Division VI.
West Midland
1.45
0.69
442
171
0.59
Division VIL.
North Midland
2.52
0.40
254
98
1.02
Division VIII.
North Western
0.59
1.69
1082
418
0.24
Division IX.
York
1.53
0.66
419
162
0.62
Division X.
Northern
2.47
0.40
259
100
1.00
Division XI.
Welsh
3.60
0.28
178
69
1.46
1. LONDON.
YEAR.
Metropolitan
and City Police
Division.Registration
Division.Outer ring
not included in
Registration
Division.1851
2,680,735
2,362,236
318,499
1861
3,222,720
2,803,989
418,731
1871
3,883,092
3,251,804
631,288
ANNUAL RATE OF INCREASE per Cent. Of POPULATION, 1851-61-71YEAR.
Metropolitan
and City Police
Division.Registration
Division.Outer ring
not included in
Registration
Division.1851-61
1.86
1.73
2.77
1861-71
1.88
1.49
4.19
COUNTIES.
Area
in Acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Middlesex, part of
32,455
2,030,814
939,091
1,091,723
2,285,672
1,061,162
1,224,510
Surrey, part of
22,951
579,748
271,848
307,900
740,680
350,843
389,837
Kent, part of
22,591
193,427
96,842
96,585
225,452
107,259
118,193
2. SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Surrey
478,792
831,093
393,647
487,446
1,090,270
515,326
574,944
Kent
1,039,419
733,887
369,129
364,738
847,507
416,400
401,107
Sussex
936,911
363,735
174,982
188,753
417,407
199,877
218,080
Southhampton
1,070,216
481,815
246,585
235,230
548,887
274,407
269,480
Berkshire
451,210
176,256
86,875
89,381
196,445
97,007
99,488
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
SURREY
Kingston-on-Thames
9,790
15,257
Reigate
9,975
15,916
KENT
Chatham (Parly
)
36,177
44,135
Maidstone
23,016
26,198
Canterbury
21,324
20,961
Dover
25,325
28,270
Margate
8,874
12,054
SUSSEX
Hastings
22,837
29,289
Lewes (P.)
9,716
10,753
Brighton
77,693
90,013
Chichester
8,059
7,850
SOUTHAMPTON
Portsmouth
94,799
112,954
Southampton
46,960
54,057
Winchester
14,776
14,705
BERKSHIRE
Reading
25,045
32,313
Windsor
9,520
11,769
3. SOUTH MIDLAND DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Middlesex
180,136
2,206,485
1,022,800
1,183,685
2,538,882
1,181,269
1,357,613
Herfordshire
391,141
173,280
84,352
88,928
192,725
93,369
99,356
Buckinghamshire
466,932
167,993
83,023
84,970
175,870
85,925
89,945
Oxfordshire
472,717
170,944
84,806
86,138
177,956
87,397
90,559
Northamptonshire
630,358
227,704
113,078
114,626
243,896
120,719
123,177
Huntingdonshire
229,544
64,250
31,740
32,510
63,672
31,317
32,355
Bedfordshire
295,582
135,287
63,940
71,347
146,256
69,013
77,243
Cambridgeshire
525,182
176,033
86,574
89,459
186,363
91,766
94,597
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
HERTFORDSHIRE
Hertford
6,769
7,164
St Albans
7,675
8,303
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
Aylesbury (P.)
27,090
28,760
Buckingham
3,849
3,703
OXFORDSHIRE
Oxford
27,560
31,5543
Banbury
4,059
4,106
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
Northampton
32,813
41,040
Peterborough (P.)
11,735
17,429
HUNTINGDONSHIRE
Huntingdon
3,816
4,242
Godmanchester
2,438
2,363
BEDFORDSHIRE
Bedford
13,413
16,849
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Cambridge
26,361
30,0743
4. EASTERN DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Essex
1,060,549
404,834
203,137
201,697
466,427
233,657
232,770
Suffolk
947,681
337,070
164,904
172,166
348,479
170,564
177,915
Norfolk
1,354,301
434,798
209,005
225,793
438,511
210,612
227,899
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
ESSEX
Colchester
23,809
26,361
Harwich
5,070
6,107
SUFFOLK
Bury St. Edmunds
13,318
14,928
Ipswich
37,950
43,136
Sudbury
6,879
6,908
NORFOLK
Yarmouth
34,810
41,792
Norwich
74,891
80,390
Kings Lynn
16,170
16,459
5. SOUTH-WESTERN DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Wiltshire
865,092
249,311
122,592
126,719
257,202
126,740
130,462
Dorsetshire
632,025
188,789
91,780
97,009
195,544
95,590
99,954
Devonshire
1,657,180
584,373
279,411
304,962
600,814
284,421
316,393
Cornwall
878,600
369,390
176,384
193,006
362,098
169,482
192,616
Somersetshire
1,047,220
444,873
209,680
235,193
463,412
218,026
245,386
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
WILTSHIRE
Marlborough
3,684
3,660
Devizes
6,638
6,840
Salisbury
12,278
12,867
DORSETSHIRE
Poole
9,759
10,129
Weymouth
11,383
13,257
Dorchester
6,823
6,915
DEVONSHIRE
Exeter
33,738
34,646
Plymouth
62,599
68,080
Devonport
50,440
50,094
Barnstaple
10,743
11,636
Bideford
5,742
6,953
Tiverton
10,447
10,025
CORNWALL
Launceston
2,790
2,935
Liskeard
4,689
4,700
Bodmin
4,466
4,672
Truro
11,337
10,999
Falmouth
5,709
5,294
Penzance
9,414
10,406
SOMERSETSHIRE
Taunton (P.)
14,667
15,466
Bridgewater
11,320
12,101
Wells
4,648
4,517
Bath
52,528
52,542
Yeovil
7,957
8,476
6. WEST MIDLAND DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Gloucestershire
805,102
485,770
229,009
256,761
534,320
251,943
282,377
Herefordshire
534,823
123,712
62,908
60,804
125,364
62,495
62,869
Shropshire
826,055
240,959
120,436
120,523
248,064
123,248
124,816
Staffordshire
728,468
746,943
377,363
369,580
857,333
430,896
426,437
Worcestershire
472,468
307,397
150,997
156,400
338,848
164,449
174,399
Warwickshire
563,946
561,855
273,038
288,817
633,902
307,217
326,685
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Bristol
154,093
182,524
Gloucester
16,512
18,330
Stroud (P.)
35,517
38,602
Cheltenham (P.)
39,693
44,519
Tewkesbury
5,876
5,409
HEREFORDSHIRE
Hereford
15,585
18,355
Leominster
5,658
5,865
SHROPSHIRE
Ludlow
5,178
5,087
Shrewsbury
22,163
23,300
Oswestry
5,414
7,308
Bridgnorth
6,240
5,871
STAFFORDSHIRE
Stafford
12,532
14,437
Stoke-upon-Trent (P.)
101,207
130,507
Lichfield
6,893
7,380
Wolverhampton
60,860
68,279
Walsall
37,760
46,452
WORCESTERSHIRE
Kidderminster
15,399
19,463
Worcester
31,227
33,221
Dudley
44,975
43,696
WARWICKSHIRE
Birmingham
296,076
343,696
Coventry
40,936
39,470
Warwick
10,570
11,001
7. NORTH MIDLAND DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Leicestershire
514,164
237,412
115,426
121,986
268,764
130,741
138,023
Rutlandshire
95,805
21,861
10,900
10,961
22,070
11,040
11,030
Lincolnshire
1,775,457
412,246
204,644
207,602
436,163
216,469
219,694
Nottinghamshire
526,076
293,867
141,237
152,630
319,956
154,277
165,679
Deryshire
658,803
339,327
170,486
168,841
380,538
191,078
189,460
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
LEICESTERSHIRE
Leicester
68,056
95,084
LINCOLNSHIRE
Boston
14,712
15,576
Grantham
4,954
5,028
Great Grimsby
11,067
20,238
Lincoln
20,999
26,762
Louth
10,560
10,500
Stamford
8,047
7,846
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Nottingham
74,693
86,608
Newark
11,515
12,218
DERBYSHIRE
Derby
43,091
49,493
Chesterfield
9,836
11,426
8. NORTH-WESTERN DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Cheshire
707,078
505,428
244,314
261,114
561,131
270,703
290,428
Lancashire
1,219,221
2,429,440
1,173,424
1,256,016
2,818,904
1,356,251
1,462,653
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
CHESHIRE
Stockport
54,681
53,001
Macclesfield
36,101
35,451
Congleton
12,344
11,344
Chester
31,110
35,701
Birkenhead (P.)
51,649
65,980
Stalybridge
24,921
21,043
LANCASHIRE
Liverpool
443,938
493,346
Wigan
37,658
39,160
Warrington
26,431
32,083
Bolton
70,395
82,845
Bury (P.)
37,563
41,517
Salford
102,449
124,805
Manchester
338,722
335,665
Ashton under Lyne
34,886
32,030
Oldham
72,333
82,619
Rochdale
38,114
44,556
Burnley
28,700
31,608
Clitheroe
7,000
8,217
Blackburn
63,126
76,337
Preston
82,985
85,428
Lancaster
14,487
17,248
Barrow in Furness
3,000
(estimated)
17,992
9. YORKSHIRE.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
West Riding
1,707,307
1,507,796
741,676
766,120
1,831,223
902,301
928,922
East Riding (with York)
771,139
280,660
137,864
142,796
313,301
154,987
158,314
North Riding
1,350,121
245,154
122,465
122,689
291,589
147,496
144,093
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
WEST RIDING
Ripon
6,172
6,805
Knaresborough (P.)
5,402
5,205
Huddersfield
34,877
70,253
Halifax
37,014
65,124
Bradford
106,218
145,827
Leeds
207,165
259,201
Dewsbury
18,148
24,773
Wakefield
23,350
28,079
Pontefract
5,346
5,372
Sheffield
185,172
239,947
Doncaster
16,406
18,758
EAST RIDING
York
40,433
43,496
Beverley
9,654
10,218
Hull
97,661
121,598
NORTH RIDING
Scarborough
18,377
24,244
Malton (P.)
8,072
8,168
Thirsk (P.)
5,350
5,735
Whitby (P.)
12,051
13,082
Northallerton (P.)
4,755
4,961
Richmond
4,290
4,443
Middlesborough (Parish)
19,416
39,434
10. NORTHERN DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Durham
622,476
508,666
258,297
250,369
685,045
352,987
332,058
Northumberland
1,246,299
343,025
170,665
172,360
386,959
192,801
194,158
Cumberland
1,001,273
205,276
100,333
104,943
220,245
109,022
111,223
Westmoreland
485,432
60,812
30,701
30,116
65,005
32,966
32,039
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
DURHAM
Stockton
13,357
27,598
Darlington
—
27,730
Hartlepool
12,245
13,164
Durham
14,088
14,406
Sunderland
78,221
98,335
South Shields
35,239
44,722
Gateshead
33,587
48,592
NORTHUMBERLAND
Newcastle upon Tyne
109,108
128,160
Tynemouth
34,021
38,960
Morpeth
4,296
4,510
Berwick
13,265
13,231
CUMBERLAND
Carlisle
29,417
31,074
Cockermouth (P.)
7,057
7,057
Whiteheaven (P.)
18,842
18,446
WESTMORLAND
Kendal
12,029
13,442
11. WELSH DIVISION.
COUNTIES.
Area
in acres.Population enumerated.
1861.
1871.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Monmouthshire
368,399
174,633
89,637
84,996
195,391
101,302 9
4,089
South Wales
2,713,189
685,080
339,976
345,104
763,710
378,807
384,903
North Wales
2,003,297
426,700
212,039
214,661
452,710
224,543
228,167
Pop. 1861.
Pop. 1871.
MONMOUTHSHIRE
Monmouth
5,783
5,874
Newport
23,249
26,957
SOUTH WALES
Cardiff
32,954
39,675
Merthyr Tydfil (P.)
83,875
96,891
Neath
6,810
9,134
Swansea
41,606
51,720
Llandovery
1,855
1,861
Carmarthen
9,993
10,499
Pembroke
15,071
13,741
Haverfordwest
7,019
6,622
Cardigan
3,543
3,535
Aberystwith
5,641
6,898
Brecknock
5,235
5,845
NORTH WALES
Llanidloes
3,127
3,426
Welshpool
7,304
7,178
Flint
3,428
4,227
Denbigh
5,946
6,322
Carnarvon
8,512
9,370
Beaumaris
2,558
2,234