1841 Census of Great Britain,
Occupations (Sample Report Title: Abstract of the Answers and Returns made pursuant to Acts 3 & 4 Vict. c. 99, and 4 Vict. c. 7, intituled respectively " An Act "for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain," and "An Act to amend the "Acts of the last Session for taking an Account of the Population." Occupation Abstract, 1841: Part I. England and Wales, and Islands in the British Seas),
Table
[1]
: "
Occupation Abstract".
OCCUPATIONS |
Males
|
Females
|
20 Years of Age and upwards
[1]
|
Under 20 Years of Age
[2]
|
20 Years of Age and upwards
[3]
|
Under 20 Years of Age
[4]
|
Accountant |
120
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
Actor (Play) |
12
|
1
|
5
|
0
|
Agent and Factor (branch not specified) |
48
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Anvil-maker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Architect |
14
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Army |
64
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
Army Agent |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Army, Half-pay |
15
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Artist |
16
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Attorney, Solicitor, and Law Student |
145
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
Auctioneer and Appraiser |
35
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
Baker |
137
|
36
|
38
|
0
|
Ball-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Banker |
26
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Barometer-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Barrister |
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Basket-maker |
69
|
9
|
3
|
0
|
Blacking-maker |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Blacksmith |
1,494
|
362
|
6
|
0
|
Bleacher |
13
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
Blind-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Block-maker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Boat and Barge Owner |
35
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Boat and Barge-builder |
51
|
11
|
1
|
0
|
Boat and Bargeman and Woman |
390
|
50
|
10
|
0
|
Bobbin-maker |
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Boiler-maker |
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Bone-dealer and Boiler |
1
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Bonnet-maker |
0
|
0
|
39
|
9
|
Bookseller and Bookbinder |
59
|
9
|
2
|
0
|
Boot and Shoe-maker |
2,543
|
419
|
52
|
13
|
Brandy-merchant |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Brass-founder |
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Brawn-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Brazier and Brass-worker |
54
|
10
|
1
|
0
|
Brewer |
30
|
1
|
5
|
0
|
Brick and Tile-maker |
386
|
68
|
9
|
13
|
Bricklayer |
819
|
100
|
0
|
0
|
Broker (branch not specified) |
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Brush and Broom-maker |
37
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
Builder |
100
|
18
|
0
|
0
|
Butcher |
706
|
78
|
9
|
0
|
Butcher, Pork |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Butter-dealer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Button (Horn) maker |
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Button-maker |
7
|
1
|
0
|
7
|
Cabinet-maker and Upholsterer |
246
|
49
|
21
|
0
|
Canal Agent |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Canal Service |
11
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Cap-maker |
0
|
0
|
6
|
2
|
Carpenter and Joiner |
1,379
|
177
|
3
|
0
|
Carpet and Rug-manufacture (all branches) |
236
|
100
|
2
|
26
|
Carpet-merchant |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Carrier, Carter, and Waggoner |
206
|
21
|
9
|
0
|
Carver and Gilder |
19
|
6
|
2
|
0
|
Cattle-dealer |
29
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Cement-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Chain-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Chair-maker |
24
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
Charcoal-burner and Dealer |
14
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
Charwoman |
0
|
0
|
214
|
1
|
Chaser |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Cheese-dealer and Factor |
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Chemist and Druggist |
110
|
35
|
2
|
0
|
Chemist, Manufacturing |
8
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Chimney-sweeper |
39
|
33
|
1
|
0
|
China, Earthenware, and Glass-dealer |
39
|
5
|
15
|
1
|
China-painter and Stainer |
74
|
11
|
50
|
27
|
Cider-dealer |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Clergyman |
206
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Clerk |
391
|
66
|
1
|
0
|
Clock and Watch-maker |
102
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
Clothier |
6
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Coach Maker (all branches) |
80
|
22
|
0
|
0
|
Coachman, Coach-guard, and Postboy |
101
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
Coach-owner |
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Coal and Colliery Agent |
11
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Coal Charter Master |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Coal Dealer and Merchant |
143
|
68
|
5
|
0
|
Coal Labourer |
69
|
23
|
5
|
1
|
Coal Owner |
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Coke-maker |
45
|
15
|
1
|
0
|
Colour-maker |
1
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
Commission Agent |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Cooper |
166
|
27
|
4
|
0
|
Cork-cutter |
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Corn-dealer and Merchant |
14
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
Cotton Manufacture (all branches) |
11
|
2
|
16
|
6
|
Cotton-merchant and Factor |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Currier and Leather-seller |
108
|
9
|
3
|
0
|
Cutler |
12
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Designer |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Die-sinker |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Draper |
219
|
117
|
14
|
3
|
Draper, Linen |
10
|
5
|
2
|
0
|
Dress-maker and Milliner |
26
|
1
|
805
|
200
|
Drover |
16
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
Dyer |
45
|
5
|
7
|
0
|
Dyer, Silk |
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Dyer, Wool |
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Egg-dealer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Engine and Machine-maker |
38
|
13
|
0
|
0
|
Engineer and Engine-worker |
315
|
58
|
0
|
3
|
Engineer, Civil |
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Engraver |
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Exhibition (Show) Keeper |
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Factory-worker (branch not specified) |
30
|
64
|
109
|
114
|
Farm-bailiff and Land-steward |
120
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Farmer and Grazier |
4,487
|
43
|
494
|
0
|
Farrier, Cattle-doctor and Veterinary Surgeon |
85
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
Fellmonger |
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Fence and Hurdle-maker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Fender-maker |
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Figure (Image) maker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
File-maker |
24
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
Fireman |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Fish-dealer and Monger |
22
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
Fisherman |
8
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Fishing-tackle-maker |
3
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Flannel-dealer and Merchant |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Flax-manufacture (all branches) |
43
|
26
|
12
|
22
|
Flour-dealer and Mealman |
10
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
French-polisher |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Fruit-merchant |
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Fuller |
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Furrier |
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Gardener |
573
|
23
|
10
|
0
|
Gas Proprietor |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Gas-fitter |
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Gas-works Service |
5
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
General Dealer |
51
|
1
|
5
|
0
|
Ginger-beer and Soda-water-maker |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Glass-manufacture (all branches) |
17
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
Glass-stainer |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Glover |
23
|
0
|
13
|
2
|
Government Civil Service, All other Departments |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Government Civil Service, Customs and Excise |
96
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Government Civil Service, Post-office |
27
|
0
|
15
|
1
|
Government Civil Service, Stamps and Taxes |
5
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Green-grocer and Fruiterer |
29
|
1
|
14
|
1
|
Grinder |
30
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
Grocer and Tea-dealer |
414
|
92
|
86
|
0
|
Groom and Hostler |
216
|
11
|
0
|
0
|
Gun Flint-maker |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Gun Manufacture (all branches) |
30
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
Haberdasher and Hosier |
16
|
0
|
4
|
1
|
Hair Manufacture |
11
|
2
|
13
|
8
|
Hair-dresser |
97
|
22
|
0
|
1
|
Hardwareman |
3
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Hatter and Hat-maker |
94
|
4
|
12
|
0
|
Hawker, Huckster, and Pedlar |
178
|
13
|
45
|
4
|
Hay and Straw-dealer |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Hemp-dresser |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Hinge-maker |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Hoop-maker and Shaver |
15
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Hop-dealer and Merchant |
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Horse-dealer and Trainer |
57
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
Insurance Agent |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Iron Manufacture (all branches) |
686
|
346
|
4
|
10
|
Iron Master |
13
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Iron Merchant |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Ironmonger |
74
|
43
|
2
|
0
|
Jack (Smoke) Maker |
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Japanner |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Jeweller and Silversmith |
18
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
Keeper or Head of Public Institution |
36
|
0
|
29
|
0
|
Keeper, Game and Lodge |
162
|
5
|
6
|
0
|
Keeper, Lunatic Asylum |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Knacker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Labourer |
4,691
|
734
|
234
|
238
|
Labourer, Agricultural |
16,886
|
4,922
|
297
|
60
|
Lace-dealer |
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Lace-maker and Weaver |
0
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
Last-maker |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Lath-render |
27
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
Laundry-keeper, Washer, and Mangler |
1
|
1
|
333
|
6
|
Law Officer |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Lead-manufacture (all branches) |
29
|
13
|
15
|
13
|
Lead-merchant |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Lead-mine Agent |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Leech-seller |
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Lime-burner and Maker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Lime-dealer and Merchant |
100
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
Linen Manufacture (all branches) |
20
|
8
|
1
|
1
|
Livery-stable-keeper |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Locksmith and Bell-hanger |
18
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Lodging-house-keeper |
3
|
0
|
36
|
0
|
Maltster |
355
|
2
|
12
|
0
|
Mason, Marble |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Mason, Paviour, and Stone-cutter |
687
|
94
|
1
|
0
|
Mat-maker |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Measure-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Medicine Vender |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Merchant |
17
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Midwife |
0
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
Milk-seller and Cow-keeper |
28
|
0
|
13
|
0
|
Miller |
335
|
38
|
7
|
2
|
Millwright |
48
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Mine Agent |
9
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Miner (branch not specified) |
1,062
|
450
|
13
|
29
|
Miner, Coal |
2,671
|
1,109
|
30
|
16
|
Miner, Copper |
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Miner, Iron |
285
|
166
|
1
|
1
|
Miner, Lead |
445
|
41
|
0
|
0
|
Minister |
82
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Modeller |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Musician and Organist |
34
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
Music-seller |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Nail-dealer and Factor |
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Nail-manufacture (all branches) |
846
|
128
|
222
|
78
|
Navy |
10
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Navy, Half-pay |
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Needle-maker and Seller |
1
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
Net-maker |
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
News Agent and Vender |
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Newspaper Editor |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Notary and Proctor |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Nurse |
1
|
0
|
47
|
2
|
Nurseryman and Florist |
11
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Packer |
6
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Painter, Plumber, and Glazier |
429
|
99
|
11
|
3
|
Paper Ruler |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Paper-dealer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Paper-hanger |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Paper-maker |
79
|
5
|
11
|
4
|
Parochial and Church-officer |
74
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
Pastry-cook and Confectioner |
37
|
8
|
24
|
2
|
Patten and Clog-maker |
39
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
Patten-ring-maker |
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Pattern-maker |
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Pawnbroker |
3
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Pen-manufacturer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Perfumer |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Pewterer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Physician |
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Piano-forte-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Pig-dealer |
32
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
Pipe-maker |
20
|
8
|
5
|
3
|
Plane-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Plasterer |
63
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
Plater (Silver) |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Police-officer, Constable, and Watchman |
85
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Polisher |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Porter and Ale-merchant |
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Porter, Messenger, and Errand-boy |
51
|
8
|
1
|
0
|
Potash-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Potatoe-dealer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Potter |
112
|
18
|
48
|
27
|
Poulterer |
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Printer |
77
|
32
|
0
|
0
|
Provision-dealer |
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Pump-maker |
20
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Quarryman |
63
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
Quarryman, Limestone |
54
|
17
|
0
|
0
|
Quarryman, Spar |
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Quarryman, Stone |
256
|
129
|
3
|
5
|
Rag-dealer and Gatherer |
6
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
Railway Contractor |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Rake-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Ram-rod-forger |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Rivet-maker |
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Road Contractor |
11
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Rope and Cord-spinner and Maker |
57
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
Sack and Bag-dealer and Maker |
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Saddler, and Harness and Collar-maker |
213
|
40
|
3
|
0
|
Sail-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Salt-dealer |
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Sand-dealer |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Saw-maker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Sawyer |
507
|
30
|
0
|
0
|
Scale-beam-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Scavenger |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Schoolmaster, Mistress, and Assistant; Tutor or Governess |
251
|
8
|
382
|
15
|
Sculptor |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Scythe-dealer and maker |
11
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Seaman |
16
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Seamstress |
1
|
0
|
135
|
8
|
Seedsman |
17
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Servant, Domestic |
1,718
|
1,117
|
7,630
|
6,616
|
Shipwright |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Shop-keeper |
75
|
0
|
86
|
1
|
Sieve-maker |
3
|
1
|
4
|
2
|
Silk Mercer |
83
|
36
|
2
|
0
|
Skinner |
37
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
Slater |
39
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
Spade-maker |
10
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Spinner (branch not specified) |
5
|
0
|
37
|
23
|
Spoon-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Stationer |
9
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Stationer, Law |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Stay-maker |
13
|
0
|
31
|
9
|
Steel-manufacture (all branches) |
16
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Stocking-knitter and Weaver |
3
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Straw Bonnet and Hat-maker |
2
|
0
|
49
|
18
|
Straw-plait-worker |
3
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Sugar-baker and Boiler |
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Surgeon, Apothecary, and Medical Student |
192
|
25
|
0
|
0
|
Surveyor (branch not specified) |
21
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
Surveyor, Land |
27
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
Surveyor, Road |
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Surveyor, Timber |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tailor and Breeches-maker |
1,222
|
357
|
6
|
2
|
Tallow-chandler |
15
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Tanner |
95
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
Tavern-keeper, Beer-shop-keeper |
34
|
0
|
13
|
0
|
Tavern-keeper, Hotel and Inn-keeper |
304
|
1
|
87
|
0
|
Tavern-keeper, Publican and Victualler |
497
|
3
|
93
|
2
|
Tavern-keeper, Spirit-dealer and Merchant |
4
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
Teacher or Professor of Dancing |
2
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
Teacher or Professor of Elocution |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Teacher or Professor of Fencing |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Teacher or Professor of Languages |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Teacher or Professor of Music |
7
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Teacher or Professor of Singing |
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Thatcher |
26
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Thread-manufacturer (all branches) |
20
|
30
|
19
|
54
|
Tiler |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tilt-maker |
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Timber Dealer and Merchant |
29
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tin-plate-worker and Tinman |
59
|
20
|
0
|
0
|
Tobacconist |
7
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Toll-collector |
38
|
0
|
16
|
1
|
Toll-contractor |
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tool (Edge) maker |
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tool-maker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Toy-dealer |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Traveller, Commercial |
20
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tripe-dealer and Dresser |
0
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
Trunk and Box-maker |
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Truss maker |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Turf-cutter |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Turner |
47
|
4
|
0
|
2
|
Turner, Iron |
8
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Umbrella and Parasol-maker |
7
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Undertaker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Varnish-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Vermin-destroyer |
18
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Vice-maker |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Warehouseman |
24
|
2
|
6
|
0
|
Weaver (branch not specified) |
132
|
5
|
14
|
6
|
Well-sinker |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Wharfinger |
22
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Wheelwright |
815
|
135
|
3
|
1
|
Whitesmith |
79
|
13
|
0
|
0
|
Wine Agent and Merchant |
33
|
1
|
4
|
0
|
Wire-worker |
11
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Wood Dealer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Wood-keeper |
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Woodman and Wood-cutter |
51
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
Wool-dealer and Stapler |
12
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Woollen-draper |
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Woollen-manufacture (all branches) |
46
|
16
|
15
|
7
|
Worsted-dealer |
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Worsted-manufacture |
0
|
0
|
6
|
3
|
Yarn-dealer |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Yarn-manufacture |
1
|
0
|
8
|
3
|
Total Number of Persons whose Occupations are returned as above |
57,421
|
12,825
|
12,353
|
7,748
|
Other Persons employed in Trade (branch not specified) |
207
|
89
|
34
|
24
|
Number of Persons returned as of Independent Means |
1,447
|
56
|
3,686
|
127
|
Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, and Beggars |
518
|
367
|
561
|
309
|
Other Persons |
500
|
31
|
165
|
26
|
Residue of Population |
3,617
|
42,277
|
48,270
|
46,390
|
TOTAL POPULATION |
63,710
|
55,645
|
65,069
|
54,624
|
Click on the triangles for all about a particular number.
This website does not try to provide an exact replica of the original printed census
tables, which often had thousands of rows and far more columns than will fit on our web pages.
Instead, we let you drill down from national totals to the most detailed data available. The
column headings are those that appeared in the original printed report. The numbers presented
here, which are the same ones we use to create statistical maps and graphs, come from the
census table and have usually been carefully checked.
The system can only hold statistics for units listed in our administrative gazetteer, so some
rows from the original table may be missing. Sometimes big low-level units, like urban
parishes, were divided between more than one higher-level units, like Registration
sub-Districts. This is why some pages will give a higher figure for a lower-level
unit: it covers the whole of the lower-level unit, not just the part within the current
higher-level unit.